This book is one initiative in a series of monitoring activities run by the Wahid Institute to observe religious life in Indonesia. This book arranged as follows: After the Introduction (Chapter I), Chapter II discusses the ICCPR, particularly article 18, verse 2 and the context and problems behind its ratification in Indonesia. Chapter III discusses the relationship between article 18, verse 2 of the ICCPR with Islam, human rights and the Indonesian context, and include a discussion of future of future challenges and opportunities. Chapter IV examines several anti-religious freedom incidences for which the government, as protector of its citizens, should take responsibility. Chapter V contains an analysis, and some reflections and recommendations.